ITANDUKANIRO HAGATI YA BK, GBK, BKS, NBK MU CYUMWERU.

ITANDUKANIRO HAGATI YA BK, GBK, BKS, NBK MU CYUMWERU.

AMASOKO:

Gufata no guhuza ibyuma nuburyo bubiri bwo kuvura ubushyuhe.
Intego yambere yo kuvura ubushyuhe: gukuraho inenge zimwe mubicuruzwa bitarangiye, no gutegura ishyirahamwe kubikorwa bikonje bikurikiraho no kuvura ubushyuhe bwa nyuma.
Intego yanyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe: kubona imikorere isabwa mukazi.
Intego yo guhuza no gukora ibisanzwe ni ugukuraho inenge zimwe na zimwe ziterwa no gutunganya ibyuma bishyushye, cyangwa kwitegura gukata no kuvura ubushyuhe bwa nyuma.

 Gufata ibyuma:
1. Igitekerezo: Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya ibyuma kubushyuhe bukwiye (hejuru cyangwa munsi ya Ac1), kubigumya mugihe runaka, hanyuma gukonja buhoro kugirango ubone imiterere yegereye uburinganire byitwa annealing.
2. Intego:
(1) Kugabanya ubukana no kunoza plastike
(2) Gutunganya ibinyampeke no gukuraho inenge zubatswe
(3) Kuraho imihangayiko y'imbere
(4) Tegura ishyirahamwe ryo kuzimya
Ubwoko: (Ukurikije ubushyuhe bwo gushyushya, birashobora kugabanywa kuri annealing hejuru cyangwa munsi yubushyuhe bukabije (Ac1 cyangwa Ac3). Iyambere nayo yitwa fonction rerystallisation annealing, harimo annealing yuzuye, diffuzione annealing homogenisation annealing, annealing ituzuye, na spheroidizing annealing; Iheruka ikubiyemo rerystallisation annealing hamwe no kugabanya impagarara.)

•  Annealing yuzuye (GBK + A):

1. Uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe kugirango ubone imiterere yegereye leta iringaniza bita annealing yuzuye.2) Intego: Gutunganya ibinyampeke, imiterere imwe, gukuraho imihangayiko yimbere, kugabanya ubukana, no kunoza imikorere.
)Gufata igihe cyibikorwa byubushyuhe bwa annealing ntabwo bituma igihangano gikongoka gusa, ni ukuvuga ko intangiriro yakazi igera ku bushyuhe bukenewe, ariko kandi ikemeza ko austenite yose ihuriweho igaragara kugirango igaruke neza.Igihe cyo gufata annealing cyuzuye kijyanye nibintu nkibigize ibyuma, ubunini bwakazi, ubushobozi bwo gupakira itanura nuburyo bwo gupakira itanura.Mubikorwa nyabyo, murwego rwo kuzamura umusaruro, guhuza no gukonjesha kugeza kuri 600 ℃ birashobora kuva mumatanura no gukonjesha ikirere.
Igipimo cyo gukoreshwa: guta, gusudira, guhimba no kuzunguruka ibyuma biciriritse bya karubone hamwe nicyuma giciriritse cya karuboni, nibindi. Icyitonderwa: Ibyuma bya karubone nkeya hamwe nicyuma cya hypereutectoid ntigomba gufatanwa neza.Ubukomezi bwibyuma bya karubone biri hasi nyuma yo gufatanwa byuzuye, ntabwo bifasha gutema gutunganya.Iyo ibyuma bya hypereutectoid bishyushye kuri austenite hejuru ya Accm hanyuma bigakonja buhoro buhoro hanyuma bigashyirwa hamwe, umuyoboro wa sima ya kabiri uragwa, bikagabanya cyane imbaraga, plastike hamwe ningaruka zikomeye zicyuma.

• Spheroidizing annealing:

1) Igitekerezo: Uburyo bwa annealing kugirango spheroidize karbide mubyuma byitwa spheroidizing annealing.
2) Inzira: Muri rusange spheroidizing annealing inzira Ac1 + (10 ~ 20) ℃ ikonjeshwa nitanura kugeza 500 ~ 600 ℃ hamwe no gukonjesha umwuka.
3) Intego: kugabanya ubukana, kunoza imitunganyirize, kunoza plastike no kugabanya imikorere.
4) Igipimo cyo gukoreshwa: gikoreshwa cyane mugukata ibikoresho, ibikoresho byo gupima, ibishushanyo, nibindi byuma bya eutectoid nicyuma cya hypereutectoid.Iyo ibyuma bya hypereutectoid bifite urusobe rwa sima ya kabiri, ntabwo rufite ubukana bwinshi kandi biragoye gukora gutema, ariko kandi byongera ubukana bwibyuma, bikunze kuzimya deformasiyo no guturika.Kubera iyo mpamvu, spheroidizing annealing inzira igomba kongerwamo nyuma yo gukora bishyushye byicyuma kugirango spheroidize flake yinjira muri ciment ya kabiri ya sima na pearlite kugirango ibone pearlite.
Igipimo cyo gukonjesha hamwe nubushyuhe bwa isothermal nabyo bizagira ingaruka kuri karbide spheroidisation.Igipimo cyo gukonjesha vuba cyangwa ubushyuhe buke bwa isothermal bizatera pearlite kubushyuhe buke.Ibice bya karbide nibyiza cyane kandi ingaruka zo guteranya ni nto, bigatuma byoroha gukora karbide.Nkigisubizo, ubukana buri hejuru.Niba igipimo cyo gukonja gitinze cyane cyangwa ubushyuhe bwa isothermal buri hejuru cyane, ibice bya karbide byakozwe bizaba ari bibi kandi ingaruka ya agglomeration izaba ikomeye cyane.Nibyoroshye gukora karbide ya granular yubunini butandukanye kandi bigatuma ubukana buri hasi.

•  Homogenisation annealing (diffusion annealing):

)
2) Intego: Kurandura ivangura rya dendrite mugihe cyo gutegera no guhuza ibihimbano.Bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nigihe kirekire, ibinyampeke bya austenite bizakomera cyane.Kubwibyo, muri rusange birakenewe gukora annealing yuzuye cyangwa ibisanzwe kugirango tunonosore ibinyampeke no gukuraho ubushuhe bukabije.
3) Igipimo cyo gusaba: gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu byuma bivangwa n'ibyuma, guta no kwibagirwa hamwe nibisabwa byujuje ubuziranenge.
4) Icyitonderwa: Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gukwirakwiza annealing ifite umusaruro muremure, gukoresha ingufu nyinshi, okiside ikomeye na decarburisation yakazi, nigiciro kinini.Gusa ibyuma bimwe na bimwe byujuje ubuziranenge hamwe nibyuma byuma hamwe no gutandukanya ibyuma bikoresha ubu buryo.Kubitera hamwe nubunini rusange cyangwa ibyuma bya karubone, kubera urwego rworoheje rwo gutandukanya, annealing yuzuye irashobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya ibinyampeke no gukuraho imihangayiko.

• Shimangira annealing

)(Nta kugoreka bibaho mugihe cyo kugabanya ibibazo)
) biva mu itanura.
Muri rusange ibyuma ni 500 ～ 600 ℃
Ibyuma bikozwe muri rusange birenga 550 kuri 500-550 ℃, bizatera byoroshye gushushanya pearlite.Ibice byo gusudira muri rusange ni 500 ～ 600 ℃.
3) Ahantu ho gukoreshwa: Kurandura impagarara zisigaye mu bakinnyi, bahimbye, basudira, ibice bikonje bikonje hamwe nakazi kakozwe kugirango uhindure ubunini bwibice byibyuma, bigabanye guhindagurika no kwirinda gucika.

Guhindura ibyuma:
1. Igitekerezo: gushyushya ibyuma kuri 30-50 ° C hejuru ya Ac3 (cyangwa Accm) no kuyifata mugihe gikwiye;uburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo gukonjesha mu kirere bitwa bisanzwe bisanzwe byuma.
2. Intego: Gutunganya ingano, imiterere imwe, guhindura ubukana, nibindi.
3. Ishirahamwe: Ibyuma bya Eutectoid S, hypoeutectoid ibyuma F + S, ibyuma bya hypereutectoid Fe3CⅡ + S
4. Inzira: Guhindura igihe cyo kubika ubushyuhe ni kimwe na annealing yuzuye.Igomba gushingira kumurimo ukoresheje gutwika, ni ukuvuga ko intandaro igera ku bushyuhe bukenewe bwo gushyushya, kandi ibintu nkibyuma, imiterere yumwimerere, ubushobozi bwitanura nibikoresho byo gushyushya nabyo bigomba gutekerezwa.Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo busanzwe bwo gukonjesha ni ugukuramo ibyuma mu itanura rishyushya hanyuma ukonjesha bisanzwe mu kirere.Kubice binini, kuvuza, gutera no guhindura intera yibice byibyuma birashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugucunga ubukonje bwibice byibyuma kugirango ugere kubikorwa bikenewe.

5. Urwego rusaba:

• 1) Kunoza imikorere yo gukata ibyuma.Ibyuma bya karubone hamwe nicyuma gike cyane hamwe na karubone iri munsi ya 0.25% bifite ubukana buke nyuma yo gufatana, kandi byoroshye "gukomera" mugihe cyo gutema.Binyuze muburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura, ferrite yubusa irashobora kugabanuka kandi flake pearlite irashobora kuboneka.Kongera ubukana birashobora kunoza imashini yicyuma, kongera ubuzima bwigikoresho hamwe nubuso burangirira kumurimo.
• 2) Kurandura inenge zitunganijwe.Hagati yicyuma giciriritse cyubatswe, kwibagirwa, kuzunguruka hamwe nibice bisudira bikunda guhura nubushuhe bukabije hamwe nuburinganire bwimbuto nkibinyampeke nyuma yo gushyushya.Binyuze muburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura, izo nenge zifite inenge zirashobora kuvaho, kandi intego yo gutunganya ingano, imiterere imwe no gukuraho imihangayiko yimbere irashobora kugerwaho.
• 3) Kurandura karbide y'urusobe rw'ibyuma bya hypereutectoid, byorohereza spheroidizing annealing.Icyuma cya Hypereutectoid kigomba guhindurwamo kandi kigahagarikwa mbere yo kuzimya kugirango byoroherezwe gutunganya no gutegura imiterere yo kuzimya.Ariko, mugihe hariho imiyoboro ikomeye ya karbide mubyuma bya hypereutectoid, ingaruka nziza ya spheroidizing ntizagerwaho.Net karbide irashobora gukurwaho muburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura.
• 4) Kunoza imiterere yubukorikori bwibice bisanzwe byubatswe.Ibyuma bimwe na bimwe bya karubone hamwe nibice byicyuma hamwe nibisabwa bike nibisabwa kugirango habeho imikorere yubukanishi bwuzuye, bushobora gusimbuza kuzimya no gutwarwa nubushyuhe bwa nyuma bwibice.

Guhitamo annealing no mubisanzwe
Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati ya annealing nibisanzwe:
1. Igipimo cyo gukonjesha gisanzwe cyihuta gato kuruta annealing, kandi urwego rwo gukonjesha ni runini.
2. Imiterere yabonetse nyuma yubusanzwe ni nziza, kandi imbaraga nubukomezi biruta ibya annealing.Guhitamo annealing no mubisanzwe:

• Kubyuma bya karubone bike birimo karubone <0,25%, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa aho kuba annealing.Kuberako umuvuduko ukonje wihuse urashobora kubuza ibyuma bya karubone nkeya kugusha simaite yubusa kumupaka wimbuto, bityo bikazamura imikorere ikonje yibice bya kashe;bisanzwe birashobora kunoza ubukana bwibyuma no kugabanya imikorere yicyuma gito cya karubone;Muburyo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ibisanzwe birashobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya ibinyampeke no kunoza imbaraga zicyuma gike.
• Icyuma giciriritse giciriritse kirimo karubone hagati ya 0.25 na 0.5% nacyo gishobora kuba gisanzwe aho gufatana.Nubwo ubukana bwibyuma biciriritse byegereye urugero rwo hejuru rwibintu bya karubone biri hejuru nyuma yubusanzwe, birashobora kugabanywa nigiciro cyo gutunganya umusaruro muke kandi mwinshi.
• Ibyuma birimo karubone iri hagati ya 0.5 na 0,75%, bitewe na karubone nyinshi, ubukana nyuma yo gukora ibisanzwe burenze ubwa annealing, kandi biragoye kubicamo.Kubwibyo, annealing yuzuye ikoreshwa muri rusange kugabanya ubukana no kunoza gukata.Inzira.
• Ibyuma byinshi bya karubone cyangwa ibyuma bikoresha karubone> 0,75% muri rusange bakoresha spheroidizing annealing nkubuvuzi bwambere.Niba hari urusobe rwa sima ya kabiri, bigomba kubanza kuba ibisanzwe.

Inkomoko: Ubuvanganzo bwumwuga.

Muhinduzi: Ali